archaic law

bellum (ante-class. and poet. duel-lum), i, n. [Sanscr. dva, dvi, dus; cf. Germ. zwei; Engl. two, twice; for the change from initial du- to b-, cf. bis for duis, and v. the letter B, and Varr. L. L. 5, § 73 Mull.; 7, § 49 ib.], war.

Form duellum: duellum, bellum, videlicet quod duabus partibus de victoria contendentibus dimicatur. Inde est perduellis, qui pertinaciter retinet bellum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 66, 17 Mull.:

bellum antea duellum vocatum eo quod duae sunt dimicantium partes... Postea mutata littera dictum bellum,

Isid. Orig. 18, 1, 9: hos pestis necuit, pars occidit illa duellis, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 9, 861 P. (Ann. v. 549 Vahl.):

legiones reveniunt domum Exstincto duello maximo atque internecatis hostibus,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35:

quae domi duellique male fecisti,

id. As. 3, 2, 13.—So in archaic style, or in citations from ancient documents:

quique agent rem duelli,

Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 21:

aes atque ferrum, duelli instrumenta,

id. ib. 2, 18, 45 (translated from the Platonic laws):

puro pioque duello quaerendas (res) censeo,

Liv. 1, 32, 12 (quoted from ancient transactions); so,

quod duellum populo Romano cum Carthaginiensi est,

id. 22, 10, 2:

victoriaque duelli populi Romani erit,

id. 23, 11, 2:

si duellum quod cum rege Antiocho sumi populus jussit,

id. 36, 2, 2;

and from an ancient inscription' duello magno dirimendo, etc.,

id. 40, 52, 5.— Poet.:

hic... Pacem duello miscuit,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 38:

cadum Marsi memorem duelli,

id. ib. 3, 14, 18:

vacuum duellis Janum Quirini clausit,

id. ib. 4, 15, 8; cf. id. Ep. 1, 2, 7; 2, 1, 254; 2, 2, 98; Ov. F. 6, 201; Juv. 1, 169— [p. 227]

Form bellum.

War, warfare (abstr.), or a war, the war (concr.), i.e. hostilities between two nations (cf. tumultus).

Specifying the enemy.

By adjj. denoting the nation:

omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:

aliquot annis ante secundum Punicum bellum,

id. Ac. 2, 5, 13:

Britannicum bellum,

id. Att. 4, 16, 13:

Gallicum,

id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35:

Germanicum,

Caes. B. G. 3, 28:

Sabinum,

Liv. 1, 26, 4:

Parthicum,

Vell. 2, 46, 2;

similarly: bellum piraticum,

the war against the pirates, Vell. 2, 33, 1.—Sometimes the adj. refers to the leader or king of the enemy:

Sertorianum bellum,

Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:

Mithridaticum,

id. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7:

Jugurthinum,

Hor. Epod. 9, 23; Vell. 2, 11, 1;

similarly: bellum regium,

the war against kings, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50. —Or it refers to the theatre of the war:

bellum Africanum, Transalpinum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28:

Asiaticum,

id. ib. 22, 64:

Africum,

Caes. B. C. 2, 32 fin.:

Actiacum,

Vell. 2, 86, 3:

Hispaniense,

id. 2, 55, 2.—

With gen. of the name of the nation or its leader: bellum Latinorum, the Latin war, i. e. against the Latins, Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

Venetorum,

Caes. B. G. 3, 16:

Helvetiorum,

id. ib. 1, 40 fin.;

1, 30: Ambiorigis,

id. ib. 6, 29, 4:

Pyrrhi, Philippi,

Cic. Phil. 11, 7, 17:

Samnitium,

Liv. 7, 29, 2.—

With cum and abl. of the name.

Attributively:

cum Jugurtha, cum Cimbris, cum Teutonis bellum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 60:

belli causa cum Samnitibus,

Liv. 7, 29, 3:

hunc finem bellum cum Philippo habuit,

id. 33, 35, 12:

novum cum Antiocho instabat bellum,

id. 36, 36, 7; cf. id. 35, 40, 1; 38, 58, 8; 39, 1, 8; 44, 14, 7.—

With cum dependent on the verb:

quia bellum Aetolis esse dixi cum Aliis,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 59:

novi consules... duo bella habuere... alterum cum Tiburtibus,

Liv. 7, 17, 2; esp. with gero, v. 2. b. a infra.—

With adversus and acc. of the name.

Attributively:

bellum adversus Philippum,

Liv. 31, 1, 8:

bellum populus adversus Vestinos jussit,

id. 8, 29, 6.—

With adversus dependent on the verb: quod homines populi Hermunduli adversus populum Romanum bellum fecere, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: nos pro vobis bellum suscepimus adversus Philippum. Liv. 31, 31, 18:

ut multo acrius adversus duos quam adversus unum pararet bellum,

id. 45, 11, 8:

bellum quod rex adversus Datamem susceperat,

Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—

With contra and acc.:

cum bellum nefarium contra aras et focos, contra vitam fortunasque nostras... non comparari, sed geri jam viderem,

Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

causam belli contra patriam inferendi,

id. ib. 2, 22, 53.—

With in and acc. (very rare):

Athenienses in Peloponnesios sexto et vicesimo anno bellum gerentes,

Nep. Lys. 1, 1.—

With inter and acc.:

hic finis belli inter Romanos ac Persea fuit,

Liv. 45, 9, 2.—

With apud and acc.:

secutum est bellum gestum apud Mutinam,

Nep. Att. 9, 1.—

With dat. of the enemy after inferre and facere, v. 2. a. k infra.—

With verbs.

Referring to the beginning of the war.

Bellum movere or commovere, to bring about, stir up a war:

summa erat observatio in bello movendo,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 37:

bellum commotum a Scapula,

id. Fam. 9, 13, 1:

nuntiabant alii... in Apulia servile bellum moveri,

Sall. C. 30, 2:

is primum Volscis bellum in ducentos amplius... annos movit,

Liv. 1, 53, 2:

insequenti anno Veiens bellum motum,

id. 4, 58, 6:

dii pium movere bellum,

id. 8, 6, 4; cf. Verg. A. 10, 627; id. G. 1, 509; so,

concitare,

Liv. 7, 27, 5; and ciere ( poet.), Verg. A. 1, 541; 6, 829; 12, 158.—

Bellum parare, comparare, apparare, or se praeparare bello, to prepare a war, or for a war:

cum tam pestiferum bellum pararet,

Cic. Att. 9, 13, 3:

bellum utrimque summopere parabatur,

Liv. 1, 23, 1; cf. id. 45, 11, 8 (v. II. A. 1. d. b supra); Nep. Hann. 2, 6; Quint. 12, 3, 5; Ov. M. 7, 456; so,

parare alicui,

Nep. Alcib. 9, 5:

bellum terra et mari comparat,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 3:

tantum bellum... Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit,

id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 3, 5:

bellum omnium consensu apparari coeptum,

Liv. 4, 55, 7:

numquam imperator ita paci credit, ut non se praeparet bello,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 2.—

Bellum differre, to postpone a war:

nec jam poterat bellum differri,

Liv. 2, 30, 7:

mors Hamilcaris et pueritia Hannibalis distulerunt bellum,

id. 21, 2, 3; cf. id. 5, 5, 3.—

Bellum sumere, to undertake, begin a war (not in Caesar):

omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrume desinere,

Sall. J. 83, 1:

prius tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere,

id. ib. 20, 5:

de integro bellum sumit,

id. ib. 62, 9:

iis haec maxima ratio belli sumendi fuerat,

Liv. 38, 19, 3:

sumi bellum etiam ab ignavis, strenuissimi cujusque periculo geri,

Tac. H. 4, 69; cf. id. A. 2, 45; 13, 34; 15, 5; 15, 7; id. Agr. 16.—

Bellum suscipere (rarely inire), to undertake, commence a war, join in a war:

bellum ita suscipiatur ut nihil nisi pax quaesita videatur,

Cic. Off. 1, 23, 80:

suscipienda quidem bella sunt ob eam causam ut, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 11, 35:

judicavit a plerisque ignoratione... bellum esse susceptum,

join, id. Marcell. 5, 13; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 35 (v. supra):

cum avertisset plebem a suscipiendo bello,

undertaking, Liv. 4, 58, 14:

senatui cum Camillo agi placuit ut bellum Etruscum susciperet,

id. 6, 9, 5:

bella non causis inita, sed ut eorum merces fuit,

Vell. 2, 3, 3.—

Bellum consentire = bellum consensu decernere, to decree a war by agreement, to ratify a declaration of war (rare):

consensit et senatus bellum,

Liv. 8, 6, 8:

bellum erat consensum,

id. 1, 32, 12.—

Bellum alicui mandare, committere, decernere, dare, gerendum dare, ad aliquem deferre, or aliquem bello praeficere, praeponere, to assign a war to one as a commander, to give one the chief command in a war:

sed ne tum quidem populus Romanus ad privatum detulit bellum,

Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:

populus Romanus consuli... bellum gerendum dedit,

id. ib.:

cur non... eidem... hoc quoque bellum regium committamus?

id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50:

Camillus cui id bellum mandatum erat,

Liv. 5, 26, 3:

Volscum bellum M. Furio extra ordinem decretum,

id. 6, 22, 6:

Gallicum bellum Popilio extra ordinem datum,

id. 7, 23, 2:

quo die a vobis maritimo bello praepositus est imperator,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44:

cum ei (bello) imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia,

id. ib. 16, 49:

hunc toti bello praefecerunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 11 fin.:

alicui bellum suscipiendum dare,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 19, 58:

bellum administrandum permittere,

id. ib. 21, 61.—

Bellum indicere alicui, to declare war against (the regular expression; coupled with facere in the ancient formula of the pater patratus), also bellum denuntiare: ob eam rem ego... populo Hermundulo... bellum (in)dico facioque, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1:

ob eam rem ego populusque Romanus populis... Latinis bellum indico facioque,

Liv. 1, 32, 13:

Corinthiis bellum indicamus an non?

Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17:

ex quo intellegi potest, nullum bellum esse justum nisi quod aut rebus repetitis geratur, aut denuntiatum ante sit et indictum,

id. Off. 1, 11, 36; id. Rep. 3, 23, 35:

bellum indici posse existimabat,

Liv. 1, 22, 4:

ni reddantur (res) bellum indicere jussos,

id. 1, 22, 6:

ut... nec gererentur solum sed etiam indicerentur bella aliquo ritu, jus... descripsit quo res repetuntur,

id. 1, 32, 5; cf. id. 1, 32, 9; 2, 18, 11; 2, 38, 5; Verg. A. 7, 616.—

Bellum inferre alicui (cf. contra aliquem, 1. e. supra; also bellum facere; absol., with dat., or with cum and abl.), to begin a war against ( with), to make war on:

Denseletis nefarium bellum intulisti,

Cic. Pis. 34, 84:

ei civitati bellum indici atque inferri solere,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:

qui sibi Galliaeque bellum intulissent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 16; Nep. Them. 2, 4; Verg. A. 3, 248:

bellumne populo Romano Lampsacena civitas facere conabatur?

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:

bellum patriae faciet,

id. Mil. 23, 63; id. Cat. 3, 9, 22:

civitatem Eburonum populo Romano bellum facere ausam,

Caes. B. G. 5, 28; cf. id. ib. 7, 2;

3, 29: constituit bellum facere,

Sall. C. 26, 5; 24, 2:

occupant bellum facere,

they are the first to begin the war, Liv. 1, 14, 4:

ut bellum cum Priscis Latinis fieret,

id. 1, 32, 13:

populus Palaepolitanis bellum fieri jussit,

id. 8, 22, 8; cf. Nep. Dion, 4, 3; id. Ages. 2, 1.— Coupled with instruere, to sustain a war:

urbs quae bellum facere atque instruere possit,

Cic. Agr. 2, 28, 77.—Bellum facere had become obsolete at Seneca's time, Sen. Ep. 114, 17.—

Bellum oritur or exoritur, a war begins:

subito bellum in Gallia ex, ortum est,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7:

aliud multo propius bellum ortum,

Liv. 1, 14, 4:

Veiens bellum exortum,

id. 2, 53, 1.—

bellum

(ante-class. and poet.

duel-lum

), i, n. [Sanscr. dva, dvi, dus; cf. Germ. zwei; Engl. two, twice; for the change from initial du- to b-, cf. bis for duis, and v. the letter B, and Varr. L. L. 5, § 73 Mull.; 7, § 49 ib.], war.

Form duellum: duellum, bellum, videlicet quod duabus partibus de victoria contendentibus dimicatur. Inde est perduellis, qui pertinaciter retinet bellum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 66, 17 Mull.:

bellum antea duellum vocatum eo quod duae sunt dimicantium partes... Postea mutata littera dictum bellum,

Isid. Orig. 18, 1, 9: hos pestis necuit, pars occidit illa duellis, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 9, 861 P. (Ann. v. 549 Vahl.):

legiones reveniunt domum Exstincto duello maximo atque internecatis hostibus,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35:

quae domi duellique male fecisti,

id. As. 3, 2, 13.—So in archaic style, or in citations from ancient documents:

quique agent rem duelli,

Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 21:

aes atque ferrum, duelli instrumenta,

id. ib. 2, 18, 45 (translated from the Platonic laws):

puro pioque duello quaerendas (res) censeo,

Liv. 1, 32, 12 (quoted from ancient transactions); so,

quod duellum populo Romano cum Carthaginiensi est,

id. 22, 10, 2:

victoriaque duelli populi Romani erit,

id. 23, 11, 2:

si duellum quod cum rege Antiocho sumi populus jussit,

id. 36, 2, 2;

and from an ancient inscription' duello magno dirimendo, etc.,

id. 40, 52, 5.— Poet.:

hic... Pacem duello miscuit,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 38:

cadum Marsi memorem duelli,

id. ib. 3, 14, 18:

vacuum duellis Janum Quirini clausit,

id. ib. 4, 15, 8; cf. id. Ep. 1, 2, 7; 2, 1, 254; 2, 2, 98; Ov. F. 6, 201; Juv. 1, 169— [p. 227]

Form bellum.

War, warfare (abstr.), or a war, the war (concr.), i.e. hostilities between two nations (cf. tumultus).

Specifying the enemy.

By adjj. denoting the nation:

omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:

aliquot annis ante secundum Punicum bellum,

id. Ac. 2, 5, 13:

Britannicum bellum,

id. Att. 4, 16, 13:

Gallicum,

id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35:

Germanicum,

Caes. B. G. 3, 28:

Sabinum,

Liv. 1, 26, 4:

Parthicum,

Vell. 2, 46, 2;

similarly: bellum piraticum,

the war against the pirates, Vell. 2, 33, 1.—Sometimes the adj. refers to the leader or king of the enemy:

Sertorianum bellum,

Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:

Mithridaticum,

id. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7:

Jugurthinum,

Hor. Epod. 9, 23; Vell. 2, 11, 1;

similarly: bellum regium,

the war against kings, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50. —Or it refers to the theatre of the war:

bellum Africanum, Transalpinum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28:

Asiaticum,

id. ib. 22, 64:

Africum,

Caes. B. C. 2, 32 fin.:

Actiacum,

Vell. 2, 86, 3:

Hispaniense,

id. 2, 55, 2.—

With gen. of the name of the nation or its leader: bellum Latinorum, the Latin war, i. e. against the Latins, Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

Venetorum,

Caes. B. G. 3, 16:

Helvetiorum,

id. ib. 1, 40 fin.;

1, 30: Ambiorigis,

id. ib. 6, 29, 4:

Pyrrhi, Philippi,

Cic. Phil. 11, 7, 17:

Samnitium,

Liv. 7, 29, 2.—

With cum and abl. of the name.

Attributively:

cum Jugurtha, cum Cimbris, cum Teutonis bellum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 60:

belli causa cum Samnitibus,

Liv. 7, 29, 3:

hunc finem bellum cum Philippo habuit,

id. 33, 35, 12:

novum cum Antiocho instabat bellum,

id. 36, 36, 7; cf. id. 35, 40, 1; 38, 58, 8; 39, 1, 8; 44, 14, 7.—

With cum dependent on the verb:

quia bellum Aetolis esse dixi cum Aliis,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 59:

novi consules... duo bella habuere... alterum cum Tiburtibus,

Liv. 7, 17, 2; esp. with gero, v. 2. b. a infra.—

With adversus and acc. of the name.

Attributively:

bellum adversus Philippum,

Liv. 31, 1, 8:

bellum populus adversus Vestinos jussit,

id. 8, 29, 6.—

With adversus dependent on the verb: quod homines populi Hermunduli adversus populum Romanum bellum fecere, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: nos pro vobis bellum suscepimus adversus Philippum. Liv. 31, 31, 18:

ut multo acrius adversus duos quam adversus unum pararet bellum,

id. 45, 11, 8:

bellum quod rex adversus Datamem susceperat,

Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—

With contra and acc.:

cum bellum nefarium contra aras et focos, contra vitam fortunasque nostras... non comparari, sed geri jam viderem,

Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

causam belli contra patriam inferendi,

id. ib. 2, 22, 53.—

With in and acc. (very rare):

Athenienses in Peloponnesios sexto et vicesimo anno bellum gerentes,

Nep. Lys. 1, 1.—

With inter and acc.:

hic finis belli inter Romanos ac Persea fuit,

Liv. 45, 9, 2.—

With apud and acc.:

secutum est bellum gestum apud Mutinam,

Nep. Att. 9, 1.—

With dat. of the enemy after inferre and facere, v. 2. a. k infra.—

With verbs.

Referring to the beginning of the war.

Bellum movere or commovere, to bring about, stir up a war:

summa erat observatio in bello movendo,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 37:

bellum commotum a Scapula,

id. Fam. 9, 13, 1:

nuntiabant alii... in Apulia servile bellum moveri,

Sall. C. 30, 2:

is primum Volscis bellum in ducentos amplius... annos movit,

Liv. 1, 53, 2:

insequenti anno Veiens bellum motum,

id. 4, 58, 6:

dii pium movere bellum,

id. 8, 6, 4; cf. Verg. A. 10, 627; id. G. 1, 509; so,

concitare,

Liv. 7, 27, 5; and ciere ( poet.), Verg. A. 1, 541; 6, 829; 12, 158.—

Bellum parare, comparare, apparare, or se praeparare bello, to prepare a war, or for a war:

cum tam pestiferum bellum pararet,

Cic. Att. 9, 13, 3:

bellum utrimque summopere parabatur,

Liv. 1, 23, 1; cf. id. 45, 11, 8 (v. II. A. 1. d. b supra); Nep. Hann. 2, 6; Quint. 12, 3, 5; Ov. M. 7, 456; so,

parare alicui,

Nep. Alcib. 9, 5:

bellum terra et mari comparat,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 3:

tantum bellum... Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit,

id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 3, 5:

bellum omnium consensu apparari coeptum,

Liv. 4, 55, 7:

numquam imperator ita paci credit, ut non se praeparet bello,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 2.—

Bellum differre, to postpone a war:

nec jam poterat bellum differri,

Liv. 2, 30, 7:

mors Hamilcaris et pueritia Hannibalis distulerunt bellum,

id. 21, 2, 3; cf. id. 5, 5, 3.—

Bellum sumere, to undertake, begin a war (not in Caesar):

omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrume desinere,

Sall. J. 83, 1:

prius tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere,

id. ib. 20, 5:

de integro bellum sumit,

id. ib. 62, 9:

iis haec maxima ratio belli sumendi fuerat,

Liv. 38, 19, 3:

sumi bellum etiam ab ignavis, strenuissimi cujusque periculo geri,

Tac. H. 4, 69; cf. id. A. 2, 45; 13, 34; 15, 5; 15, 7; id. Agr. 16.—

Bellum suscipere (rarely inire), to undertake, commence a war, join in a war:

bellum ita suscipiatur ut nihil nisi pax quaesita videatur,

Cic. Off. 1, 23, 80:

suscipienda quidem bella sunt ob eam causam ut, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 11, 35:

judicavit a plerisque ignoratione... bellum esse susceptum,

join, id. Marcell. 5, 13; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 35 (v. supra):

cum avertisset plebem a suscipiendo bello,

undertaking, Liv. 4, 58, 14:

senatui cum Camillo agi placuit ut bellum Etruscum susciperet,

id. 6, 9, 5:

bella non causis inita, sed ut eorum merces fuit,

Vell. 2, 3, 3.—

Bellum consentire = bellum consensu decernere, to decree a war by agreement, to ratify a declaration of war (rare):

consensit et senatus bellum,

Liv. 8, 6, 8:

bellum erat consensum,

id. 1, 32, 12.—

Bellum alicui mandare, committere, decernere, dare, gerendum dare, ad aliquem deferre, or aliquem bello praeficere, praeponere, to assign a war to one as a commander, to give one the chief command in a war:

sed ne tum quidem populus Romanus ad privatum detulit bellum,

Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:

populus Romanus consuli... bellum gerendum dedit,

id. ib.:

cur non... eidem... hoc quoque bellum regium committamus?

id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50:

Camillus cui id bellum mandatum erat,

Liv. 5, 26, 3:

Volscum bellum M. Furio extra ordinem decretum,

id. 6, 22, 6:

Gallicum bellum Popilio extra ordinem datum,

id. 7, 23, 2:

quo die a vobis maritimo bello praepositus est imperator,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44:

cum ei (bello) imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia,

id. ib. 16, 49:

hunc toti bello praefecerunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 11 fin.:

alicui bellum suscipiendum dare,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 19, 58:

bellum administrandum permittere,

id. ib. 21, 61.—

Bellum indicere alicui, to declare war against (the regular expression; coupled with facere in the ancient formula of the pater patratus), also bellum denuntiare: ob eam rem ego... populo Hermundulo... bellum (in)dico facioque, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1:

ob eam rem ego populusque Romanus populis... Latinis bellum indico facioque,

Liv. 1, 32, 13:

Corinthiis bellum indicamus an non?

Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17:

ex quo intellegi potest, nullum bellum esse justum nisi quod aut rebus repetitis geratur, aut denuntiatum ante sit et indictum,

id. Off. 1, 11, 36; id. Rep. 3, 23, 35:

bellum indici posse existimabat,

Liv. 1, 22, 4:

ni reddantur (res) bellum indicere jussos,

id. 1, 22, 6:

ut... nec gererentur solum sed etiam indicerentur bella aliquo ritu, jus... descripsit quo res repetuntur,

id. 1, 32, 5; cf. id. 1, 32, 9; 2, 18, 11; 2, 38, 5; Verg. A. 7, 616.—

Bellum inferre alicui (cf. contra aliquem, 1. e. supra; also bellum facere; absol., with dat., or with cum and abl.), to begin a war against ( with), to make war on:

Denseletis nefarium bellum intulisti,

Cic. Pis. 34, 84:

ei civitati bellum indici atque inferri solere,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:

qui sibi Galliaeque bellum intulissent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 16; Nep. Them. 2, 4; Verg. A. 3, 248:

bellumne populo Romano Lampsacena civitas facere conabatur?

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:

bellum patriae faciet,

id. Mil. 23, 63; id. Cat. 3, 9, 22:

civitatem Eburonum populo Romano bellum facere ausam,

Caes. B. G. 5, 28; cf. id. ib. 7, 2;

3, 29: constituit bellum facere,

Sall. C. 26, 5; 24, 2:

occupant bellum facere,

they are the first to begin the war, Liv. 1, 14, 4:

ut bellum cum Priscis Latinis fieret,

id. 1, 32, 13:

populus Palaepolitanis bellum fieri jussit,

id. 8, 22, 8; cf. Nep. Dion, 4, 3; id. Ages. 2, 1.— Coupled with instruere, to sustain a war:

urbs quae bellum facere atque instruere possit,

Cic. Agr. 2, 28, 77.—Bellum facere had become obsolete at Seneca's time, Sen. Ep. 114, 17.—

Bellum oritur or exoritur, a war begins:

subito bellum in Gallia ex, ortum est,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7:

aliud multo propius bellum ortum,

Liv. 1, 14, 4:

Veiens bellum exortum,

id. 2, 53, 1.—

Referring to the carrying on of the war: bellum gerere, to carry on a war; absol., with cum and abl., per and acc., or in and abl. (cf.:

bellum gerere in aliquem, 1. a. and f. supra): nisi forte ego vobis... cessare nunc videor cum bella non gero,

Cic. Sen. 6, 18:

cum Celtiberis, cum Cimbris bellum ut cum inimicis gerebatur,

id. Off. 1, 12, 38:

cum ei bellum ut cum rege Perse gereret obtigisset,

id. Div. 1, 46, 103:

erant hae difficultates belli gerendi,

Caes. B. G. 3, 10:

bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit,

id. ib. 4, 6:

Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat,

Sall. C. 16, 5:

bellum quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere,

Liv. 21, 1, 1:

alter consul in Sabinis bellum gessit,

id. 2, 62, 3:

de exercitibus per quos id bellum gereretur,

id. 23, 25, 5:

Chabrias bella in Aegypto sua sponte gessit,

Nep. Chabr, 2, 1.—Sometimes bellum administrare only of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 43; Nep. Chabr. 2, 1. —Also (very rare):

bellum bellare,

Liv. 8, 40, 1 (but belligerantes is absol., Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; Ann. v. 201 Vahl.);

in the same sense: bellum agere,

Nep. Hann. 8, 3. —As a synonym:

bello persequi aliquem,

Nep. Con. 4, 1; cf. Liv. 3, 25, 3.—

Trahere or ducere bellum, to protract a war:

necesse est enim aut trahi id bellum, aut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2:

bellum trahi non posse,

Sall. J. 23, 2:

belli trahendi causa,

Liv. 5, 11, 8:

morae qua trahebant bellum paenitebat,

id. 9, 27, 5:

suadere institui ut bellum duceret,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2:

bellum enim ducetur,

id. ad Brut. 1, 18, 6; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; id. Dat. 8, 4;

similarly: cum his molliter et per dilationes bellum geri oportet?

Liv. 5, 5, 1.—

Bellum repellere, defendere, or propulsare, to ward off, defend one ' s self against a war:

bellum Gallicum C. Caesare imperatore gestum est, antea tantummodo repulsum,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32:

quod bellum non intulerit sed defenderit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 44:

Samnitium vix a se ipsis eo tempore propulsantium bellum,

Liv. 8, 37, 5.—

Referring to the end of a war.

Bellum deponere, ponere, or omittere, to give up, discontinue a war:

in quo (i.e. bello) et gerendo et deponendo jus ut plurimum valeret lege sanximus,

Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 34:

(bellum) cum deponi victores velint,

Sall. J. 83, 1:

bellum decem ferme annis ante depositum erat,

Liv. 31, 1, 8:

nos depositum a vobis bellum et ipsi omisimus,

id. 31, 31, 19:

dicit posse condicionibus bellum poni,

Sall. J. 112, 1:

bellum grave cum Etruria positum est,

id. H. Fragm. 1, 9 Dietsch:

velut posito bello,

Liv. 1, 53, 5:

manere bellum quod positum simuletur,

id. 1, 53, 7:

posito ubique bello,

Tac. H. 2, 52; cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 93; Verg. A. 1, 291:

omisso Romano bello Porsinna filium Arruntem Ariciam... mittit,

Liv. 2, 14, 5.—

Bellum componere, to end a war by agreement, make peace:

timerent ne bellum componeretur,

Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 3:

si bellum compositum foret,

Sall. J. 97, 2:

belli componendi licentiam,

id. ib. 103, 3; cf. Nep. Ham. 1, 5; id. Hann. 6, 2; id. Alcib. 8, 3; Verg. A. 12, 109;

similarly: bellum sedare,

Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—

Bellum conficere, perficere, finire, to finish, end a war; conficere (the most usual term) and perficere, = to finish a war by conquering; finire (rare), without implying success:

is bellum confecerit qui Antonium oppresserit,

Cic. Fam. 11, 12, 2:

bellumque maximum conficies,

id. Rep. 6, 11, 11:

confecto Mithridatico bello,

id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; cf. id. Fam. 5, 10, 3; id. Imp. Pomp. 14, 42:

quo proelio... bellum Venetorum confectum est,

Caes. B. G. 3, 16; cf. id. ib. 1, 30; 1, 44; 1, 54; 3, 28;

4, 16: bello confecto de Rhodiis consultum est,

Sall. C. 51, 5; cf. id. J. 36, 1; 114, 3:

neminem nisi bello confecto pecuniam petiturum esse,

Liv. 24, 18, 11; cf. id. 21, 40, 11; 23, 6, 2; 31, 47, 4; 32, 32, 6;

36, 2, 3: bello perfecto,

Caes. B. C. 3, 18, 5; Liv. 1, 38, 3:

se quo die hostem vidisset perfecturum (i. e. bellum),

id. 22, 38, 7; 31, 4, 2; cf. id. 3, 24, 1; 34, 6, 12; Just. 5, 2, 11:

neque desiturum ante... quam finitum aliqua tolerabili condicione bellum videro,

Liv. 23, 12, 10: finito ex maxima parte.. [p. 228] italico bello, Vell. 2, 17, 1; Curt. 3, 1, 9; Tac. A. 15, 17; Just. 16, 2, 6; 24, 1, 8; Verg. A. 11, 116.—

Less usual connections:

bellum delere: non modo praesentia sed etiam futura bella delevit,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11; cf. Nep. Alcib. 8, 4:

alere ac fovere bellum,

Liv. 42, 11, 5:

bellum navare alicui,

Tac. H. 5, 25:

spargere,

id. A. 3, 21; id. Agr. 38; Luc. 2, 682:

serere,

Liv. 21, 10, 4:

circumferre,

Tac. A. 13, 37:

exercere,

id. ib. 6, 31:

quam celeriter belli impetus navigavit ( = quam celeriter navale bellum gestum est),

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 34; so Flor. 2, 2, 17:

bellum ascendit in rupes,

id. 4, 12, 4:

bellum serpit in proximos,

id. 2, 9, 4; cf. id. 2, 2, 15:

bella narrare,

Cic. Or. 9, 30:

canere bella,

Quint. 10, 1, 91:

bella legere,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28.—

As object denoting place or time.

Proficisci ad bellum, to depart for the war.

Of the commander:

consul sortitu ad bellum profectus,

Cic. Phil. 14, 2, 4; cf. id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:

ipse ad bellum Ambiorigis profectus,

Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 4:

ut duo ex tribunis ad bellum proficiscerentur,

Liv. 4, 45, 7; cf. id. 6, 2, 9: Nep. Alcib. 4, 1; Sall. H. 2, 96 Dietsch. —Post-class.:

in bellum,

Just. 2, 11, 9; Gell. 17, 9, 8.—

Of persons partaking in a war:

si proficiscerer ad bellum,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 1. —

Ad bellum mittere, of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50; 21, 62.—

In bella ruere, Verg. A. 7, 782; 9, 182:

in bella sequi,

id. ib. 8, 547.—

Of time.

In the locative case belli, in war, during war; generally with domi ( = domi militiaeque):

valete, judices justissimi, domi bellique duellatores,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 68; so,

domi duellique,

id. As. 3, 2, 13 (v. I. supra):

quibuscunque rebus vel belli vel domi poterunt rem publicam augeant,

Cic. Off. 2, 24, 85:

paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur,

Sall. J. 41, 7:

animus belli ingens, domi modicus,

id. ib. 63, 2; Liv. 2, 50, 11; 1, 36, 6; so id. 3, 43, 1; cf.:

bello domique,

id. 1, 34, 12:

domi belloque,

id. 9, 26, 21; and:

neque bello, neque domi,

id. 4, 35, 3.—Without domi:

simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60 (where belli may be taken with gloriam; cf.

Wagn. ad loc.): magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris... belli gerebantur,

Cic. Rep. 2, 32, 86.—

In bello or in bellis, during war or wars, in the war, in the wars; with adj.:

ad haec quae in civili bello fecerit,

Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 47; cf. id. ib. 14, 8, 22:

in ipso bello eadem sensi,

id. Marcell. 5, 14:

in Volsco bello virtus enituit,

Liv. 2, 24, 8:

in eo bello,

id. 23, 46, 6:

in Punicis bellis, Plin.8, 14, 14, § 37: in bello Trojano,

id. 30, 1, 2, § 5.—Without adj.:

ut fit in bello, capitur alter filius,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 25:

qui in bello occiderunt,

Cic. Fam. 9, 5, 2:

quod in bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, etc.,

Sall. C. 9, 4:

non in bello solum, sed etiam in pace,

Liv. 1, 15, 8; 2, 23, 2:

in bello parta,

Quint. 5, 10, 42; 12, 1, 28.—

Abl. bello or bellis = in bello or in bellis (freq.); with adjj.: nos semper omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis amicitiam fidemque populi Romani secuti sumus. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:

bello Italico,

id. Pis. 36, 87:

Veienti bello,

id. Div. 1, 44, 100:

domestico bello,

id. Planc. 29, 70:

qui Volsco, Aurunco Sabinoque militassent bello,

Liv. 23, 12, 11:

victor tot intra paucos dies bellis,

id. 2, 27, 1:

nullo bello, multis tamen proeliis victus,

id. 9, 18, 9:

bello civili,

Quint. 11, 1, 36.—With gen.:

praesentiam saepe divi suam declarant, ut et apud Regillum bello Latinorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

suam felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40.—Without attrib.:

qui etiam bello victis regibus regna reddere consuevit,

Cic. Sest. 26, 57:

res pace belloque gestas,

Liv. 2, 1, 1:

egregieque rebus bello gestis,

id. 1, 33, 9; so id. 23, 12, 11:

ludi bello voti,

id. 4, 35. 3:

princeps pace belloque,

id. 7, 1, 9:

Cotyn bello juvisse Persea,

id. 45, 42, 7:

bello parta,

Quint. 5, 10, 15; cf. id. 7, 4, 22; Ov. M. 8, 19.—

Inter bellum (rare):

cujus originis morem necesse est... inter bellum natum esse,

Liv. 2, 14, 2:

inter haec bella consules... facti,

id. 2, 63, 1.—

Bellum in attributive connection.

Justum bellum.

A righteous war, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36 (v. II. A. 2. a. th supra):

justum piumque bellum,

Liv. 1, 23, 4:

non loquor apud recusantem justa bella populum,

id. 7, 30, 17; so Ov. M. 8, 58; cf.: illa injusta sunt bella quae sine causa suscepta sunt, Cic. Rep. 3, 23, 35.—

A regular war (opp. a raid, etc.):

in fines Romanos excucurrerunt, populabundi magis quam justi more belli,

Liv. 1, 15, 1.—

For the different kinds of war: domesticum, civile, intestinum, externum, navale, maritimum, terra marique gestum, servile, sociale; v. hh. vv.—

Belli eventus or exitus, the result of a war:

quicunque belli eventus fuisset,

Cic. Marcell. 8, 24:

haud sane alio animo belli eventum exspectabant,

Sall. C. 37, 9:

eventus tamen belli minus miserabilem dimicationem fecit,

Liv. 1, 23, 2; cf. id. 7, 11, 1:

exitus hujus calamitosissimi belli,

Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1:

cum esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli,

id. Marcell. 5, 15; so id. Off. 2, 8,:

Britannici belli exitus exspectatur,

id. Att. 4, 16, 13:

cetera bella maximeque Veiens incerti exitus erant,

Liv. 5, 16, 8.—

Fortuna belli, the chances of war:

adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque Mars fuit ut,

Liv. 21, 1, 2; cf. Cic. Marcell. 5, 15 (v. c. supra).—

Belli artes, military skill:

cuilibet superiorum regum belli pacisque et artibus et gloria par,

Liv. 1, 35, 1:

haud ignotas belli artes,

id. 21, 1, 2:

temperata et belli et pacis artibus erat civitas,

id. 1, 21, 6.—

Jus belli, the law of war: jura belli, the rights ( law) of war:

in re publica maxime servanda sunt jura belli,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 34:

sunt et belli sicut pacis jura,

Liv. 5, 27, 6:

jure belli res vindicatur,

Gai. Inst. 3, 94.—

Belli duces praestantissimos, the most excellent captains, generals, Cic. Or. 1, 2, 7:

trium simul bellorum victor,

a victor in three wars, Liv. 6, 4, 1 (cf.:

victor tot bellis,

id. 2, 27, 1). —

Belli vulnera, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24.—

Transf.

Of things concr. and abstr.:

qui parietibus, qui tectis, qui columnis ac postibus meis... bellum intulistis,

Cic. Dom. 23, 60:

bellum contra aras et focos,

id. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

miror cur philosophiae... bellum indixeris,

id. Or. 2, 37, 155:

ventri Indico bellum,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 8.—

Of animals:

milvo est quoddam bellum quasi naturale cum corvo,

Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 125:

hanc Juno Esse jussit gruem, populisque suis indicere bellum,

Ov. M. 6, 92.—

With individuals:

quid mihi opu'st... cum eis gerere bellum, etc.,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 14:

nihil turpius quam cum eo bellum gerere quicum familiariter vixeris,

Cic. Lael. 21, 77:

cum mihi uni cum improbis aeternum videam bellum susceptum,

id. Sull. 9, 28:

hoc tibi juventus Romana indicimus bellum,

Liv. 2, 12, 11:

falsum testem justo ac pio bello persequebatur,

id. 3, 25, 3:

tribunicium domi bellum patres territat,

id. 3, 24, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 57.—Ironically:

equus Trojanus qui tot invictos viros muliebre bellum gerentes tulerit ac texerit,

Cic. Cael. 28, 67.—

In mal. part., Hor. C. 3, 26, 3; 4, 1, 2.—

Personified as god of war ( = Janus):

tabulas duas quae Belli faciem pictam habent,

Plin. 35, 4, 10, § 27:

sunt geminae Belli portae, etc.,

Verg. A. 7, 607:

mortiferumque averso in limine Bellum,

id. ib. 6, 279.—

Plur.: bella, army ( poet.):

permanet Aonius Nereus violentus in undis, Bellaque non transfert (i.e. Graecorum exercitum),

Ov. M. 12, 24:

sed victae fera bella deae vexere per aequora,

Sil. 7, 472:

quid faciat bellis obsessus et undis?

Stat. Th. 9, 490.—

Battle, = proelium:

rorarii dicti a rore: qui bellum committebant ante,

Varr. L. L. 7, 3, 92:

quod in bello saepius vindicatum in eos qui... tardius, revocati, bello excesserant,

Sall. C. 9, 4:

praecipua laus ejus belli penes consules fuit,

Liv. 8, 10, 7:

commisso statim bello,

Front. Strat. 1, 11, 2:

Actia bella,

Verg. A. 8, 675:

ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam Bella forent,

id. ib. 2, 439; cf. Flor. 3, 5, 11; Just. 2, 12; 18, 1 fin.; 24, 8; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 98 (form duellum); Ov. H. 1, 1, 69; Verg. A. 8, 547; 12, 390; 12, 633; Stat. Th. 3, 666. —

Bellum = liber de bello:

quam gaudebat Bello suo Punico Naevius!

Cic. Sen. 14, 50.

Referring to the carrying on of the war: bellum gerere, to carry on a war; absol., with cum and abl., per and acc., or in and abl. (cf.:

bellum gerere in aliquem, 1. a. and f. supra): nisi forte ego vobis... cessare nunc videor cum bella non gero,

Cic. Sen. 6, 18:

cum Celtiberis, cum Cimbris bellum ut cum inimicis gerebatur,

id. Off. 1, 12, 38:

cum ei bellum ut cum rege Perse gereret obtigisset,

id. Div. 1, 46, 103:

erant hae difficultates belli gerendi,

Caes. B. G. 3, 10:

bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit,

id. ib. 4, 6:

Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat,

Sall. C. 16, 5:

bellum quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere,

Liv. 21, 1, 1:

alter consul in Sabinis bellum gessit,

id. 2, 62, 3:

de exercitibus per quos id bellum gereretur,

id. 23, 25, 5:

Chabrias bella in Aegypto sua sponte gessit,

Nep. Chabr, 2, 1.—Sometimes bellum administrare only of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 43; Nep. Chabr. 2, 1. —Also (very rare):

bellum bellare,

Liv. 8, 40, 1 (but belligerantes is absol., Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; Ann. v. 201 Vahl.);

in the same sense: bellum agere,

Nep. Hann. 8, 3. —As a synonym:

bello persequi aliquem,

Nep. Con. 4, 1; cf. Liv. 3, 25, 3.—

Trahere or ducere bellum, to protract a war:

necesse est enim aut trahi id bellum, aut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2:

bellum trahi non posse,

Sall. J. 23, 2:

belli trahendi causa,

Liv. 5, 11, 8:

morae qua trahebant bellum paenitebat,

id. 9, 27, 5:

suadere institui ut bellum duceret,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2:

bellum enim ducetur,

id. ad Brut. 1, 18, 6; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; id. Dat. 8, 4;

similarly: cum his molliter et per dilationes bellum geri oportet?

Liv. 5, 5, 1.—

Bellum repellere, defendere, or propulsare, to ward off, defend one ' s self against a war:

bellum Gallicum C. Caesare imperatore gestum est, antea tantummodo repulsum,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32:

quod bellum non intulerit sed defenderit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 44:

Samnitium vix a se ipsis eo tempore propulsantium bellum,

Liv. 8, 37, 5.—

Referring to the end of a war.

Bellum deponere, ponere, or omittere, to give up, discontinue a war:

in quo (i.e. bello) et gerendo et deponendo jus ut plurimum valeret lege sanximus,

Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 34:

(bellum) cum deponi victores velint,

Sall. J. 83, 1:

bellum decem ferme annis ante depositum erat,

Liv. 31, 1, 8:

nos depositum a vobis bellum et ipsi omisimus,

id. 31, 31, 19:

dicit posse condicionibus bellum poni,

Sall. J. 112, 1:

bellum grave cum Etruria positum est,

id. H. Fragm. 1, 9 Dietsch:

velut posito bello,

Liv. 1, 53, 5:

manere bellum quod positum simuletur,

id. 1, 53, 7:

posito ubique bello,

Tac. H. 2, 52; cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 93; Verg. A. 1, 291:

omisso Romano bello Porsinna filium Arruntem Ariciam... mittit,

Liv. 2, 14, 5.—

Bellum componere, to end a war by agreement, make peace:

timerent ne bellum componeretur,

Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 3:

si bellum compositum foret,

Sall. J. 97, 2:

belli componendi licentiam,

id. ib. 103, 3; cf. Nep. Ham. 1, 5; id. Hann. 6, 2; id. Alcib. 8, 3; Verg. A. 12, 109;

similarly: bellum sedare,

Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—

Bellum conficere, perficere, finire, to finish, end a war; conficere (the most usual term) and perficere, = to finish a war by conquering; finire (rare), without implying success:

is bellum confecerit qui Antonium oppresserit,

Cic. Fam. 11, 12, 2:

bellumque maximum conficies,

id. Rep. 6, 11, 11:

confecto Mithridatico bello,

id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; cf. id. Fam. 5, 10, 3; id. Imp. Pomp. 14, 42:

quo proelio... bellum Venetorum confectum est,

Caes. B. G. 3, 16; cf. id. ib. 1, 30; 1, 44; 1, 54; 3, 28;

4, 16: bello confecto de Rhodiis consultum est,

Sall. C. 51, 5; cf. id. J. 36, 1; 114, 3:

neminem nisi bello confecto pecuniam petiturum esse,

Liv. 24, 18, 11; cf. id. 21, 40, 11; 23, 6, 2; 31, 47, 4; 32, 32, 6;

36, 2, 3: bello perfecto,

Caes. B. C. 3, 18, 5; Liv. 1, 38, 3:

se quo die hostem vidisset perfecturum (i. e. bellum),

id. 22, 38, 7; 31, 4, 2; cf. id. 3, 24, 1; 34, 6, 12; Just. 5, 2, 11:

neque desiturum ante... quam finitum aliqua tolerabili condicione bellum videro,

Liv. 23, 12, 10: finito ex maxima parte.. [p. 228] italico bello, Vell. 2, 17, 1; Curt. 3, 1, 9; Tac. A. 15, 17; Just. 16, 2, 6; 24, 1, 8; Verg. A. 11, 116.—

Less usual connections:

bellum delere: non modo praesentia sed etiam futura bella delevit,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11; cf. Nep. Alcib. 8, 4:

alere ac fovere bellum,

Liv. 42, 11, 5:

bellum navare alicui,

Tac. H. 5, 25:

spargere,

id. A. 3, 21; id. Agr. 38; Luc. 2, 682:

serere,

Liv. 21, 10, 4:

circumferre,

Tac. A. 13, 37:

exercere,

id. ib. 6, 31:

quam celeriter belli impetus navigavit ( = quam celeriter navale bellum gestum est),

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 34; so Flor. 2, 2, 17:

bellum ascendit in rupes,

id. 4, 12, 4:

bellum serpit in proximos,

id. 2, 9, 4; cf. id. 2, 2, 15:

bella narrare,

Cic. Or. 9, 30:

canere bella,

Quint. 10, 1, 91:

bella legere,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28.—

As object denoting place or time.

Proficisci ad bellum, to depart for the war.

Of the commander:

consul sortitu ad bellum profectus,

Cic. Phil. 14, 2, 4; cf. id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:

ipse ad bellum Ambiorigis profectus,

Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 4:

ut duo ex tribunis ad bellum proficiscerentur,

Liv. 4, 45, 7; cf. id. 6, 2, 9: Nep. Alcib. 4, 1; Sall. H. 2, 96 Dietsch. —Post-class.:

in bellum,

Just. 2, 11, 9; Gell. 17, 9, 8.—

Of persons partaking in a war:

si proficiscerer ad bellum,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 1. —

Ad bellum mittere, of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50; 21, 62.—

In bella ruere, Verg. A. 7, 782; 9, 182:

in bella sequi,

id. ib. 8, 547.—

Of time.

In the locative case belli, in war, during war; generally with domi ( = domi militiaeque):

valete, judices justissimi, domi bellique duellatores,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 68; so,

domi duellique,

id. As. 3, 2, 13 (v. I. supra):

quibuscunque rebus vel belli vel domi poterunt rem publicam augeant,

Cic. Off. 2, 24, 85:

paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur,

Sall. J. 41, 7:

animus belli ingens, domi modicus,

id. ib. 63, 2; Liv. 2, 50, 11; 1, 36, 6; so id. 3, 43, 1; cf.:

bello domique,

id. 1, 34, 12:

domi belloque,

id. 9, 26, 21; and:

neque bello, neque domi,

id. 4, 35, 3.—Without domi:

simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60 (where belli may be taken with gloriam; cf.

Wagn. ad loc.): magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris... belli gerebantur,

Cic. Rep. 2, 32, 86.—

In bello or in bellis, during war or wars, in the war, in the wars; with adj.:

ad haec quae in civili bello fecerit,

Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 47; cf. id. ib. 14, 8, 22:

in ipso bello eadem sensi,

id. Marcell. 5, 14:

in Volsco bello virtus enituit,

Liv. 2, 24, 8:

in eo bello,

id. 23, 46, 6:

in Punicis bellis, Plin.8, 14, 14, § 37: in bello Trojano,

id. 30, 1, 2, § 5.—Without adj.:

ut fit in bello, capitur alter filius,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 25:

qui in bello occiderunt,

Cic. Fam. 9, 5, 2:

quod in bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, etc.,

Sall. C. 9, 4:

non in bello solum, sed etiam in pace,

Liv. 1, 15, 8; 2, 23, 2:

in bello parta,

Quint. 5, 10, 42; 12, 1, 28.—

Abl. bello or bellis = in bello or in bellis (freq.); with adjj.: nos semper omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis amicitiam fidemque populi Romani secuti sumus. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:

bello Italico,

id. Pis. 36, 87:

Veienti bello,

id. Div. 1, 44, 100:

domestico bello,

id. Planc. 29, 70:

qui Volsco, Aurunco Sabinoque militassent bello,

Liv. 23, 12, 11:

victor tot intra paucos dies bellis,

id. 2, 27, 1:

nullo bello, multis tamen proeliis victus,

id. 9, 18, 9:

bello civili,

Quint. 11, 1, 36.—With gen.:

praesentiam saepe divi suam declarant, ut et apud Regillum bello Latinorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

suam felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40.—Without attrib.:

qui etiam bello victis regibus regna reddere consuevit,

Cic. Sest. 26, 57:

res pace belloque gestas,

Liv. 2, 1, 1:

egregieque rebus bello gestis,

id. 1, 33, 9; so id. 23, 12, 11:

ludi bello voti,

id. 4, 35. 3:

princeps pace belloque,

id. 7, 1, 9:

Cotyn bello juvisse Persea,

id. 45, 42, 7:

bello parta,

Quint. 5, 10, 15; cf. id. 7, 4, 22; Ov. M. 8, 19.—

Inter bellum (rare):

cujus originis morem necesse est... inter bellum natum esse,

Liv. 2, 14, 2:

inter haec bella consules... facti,

id. 2, 63, 1.—

Bellum in attributive connection.

Justum bellum.

A righteous war, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36 (v. II. A. 2. a. th supra):

justum piumque bellum,

Liv. 1, 23, 4:

non loquor apud recusantem justa bella populum,

id. 7, 30, 17; so Ov. M. 8, 58; cf.: illa injusta sunt bella quae sine causa suscepta sunt, Cic. Rep. 3, 23, 35.—

A regular war (opp. a raid, etc.):

in fines Romanos excucurrerunt, populabundi magis quam justi more belli,

Liv. 1, 15, 1.—

For the different kinds of war: domesticum, civile, intestinum, externum, navale, maritimum, terra marique gestum, servile, sociale; v. hh. vv.—

Belli eventus or exitus, the result of a war:

quicunque belli eventus fuisset,

Cic. Marcell. 8, 24:

haud sane alio animo belli eventum exspectabant,

Sall. C. 37, 9:

eventus tamen belli minus miserabilem dimicationem fecit,

Liv. 1, 23, 2; cf. id. 7, 11, 1:

exitus hujus calamitosissimi belli,

Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1:

cum esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli,

id. Marcell. 5, 15; so id. Off. 2, 8,:

Britannici belli exitus exspectatur,

id. Att. 4, 16, 13:

cetera bella maximeque Veiens incerti exitus erant,

Liv. 5, 16, 8.—

Fortuna belli, the chances of war:

adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque Mars fuit ut,

Liv. 21, 1, 2; cf. Cic. Marcell. 5, 15 (v. c. supra).—

Belli artes, military skill:

cuilibet superiorum regum belli pacisque et artibus et gloria par,

Liv. 1, 35, 1:

haud ignotas belli artes,

id. 21, 1, 2:

temperata et belli et pacis artibus erat civitas,

id. 1, 21, 6.—

Jus belli, the law of war: jura belli, the rights ( law) of war:

in re publica maxime servanda sunt jura belli,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 34:

sunt et belli sicut pacis jura,

Liv. 5, 27, 6:

jure belli res vindicatur,

Gai. Inst. 3, 94.—

Belli duces praestantissimos, the most excellent captains, generals, Cic. Or. 1, 2, 7:

trium simul bellorum victor,

a victor in three wars, Liv. 6, 4, 1 (cf.:

victor tot bellis,

id. 2, 27, 1). —

Belli vulnera, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24.—

Transf.

Of things concr. and abstr.:

qui parietibus, qui tectis, qui columnis ac postibus meis... bellum intulistis,

Cic. Dom. 23, 60:

bellum contra aras et focos,

id. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

miror cur philosophiae... bellum indixeris,

id. Or. 2, 37, 155:

ventri Indico bellum,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 8.—

Of animals:

milvo est quoddam bellum quasi naturale cum corvo,

Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 125:

hanc Juno Esse jussit gruem, populisque suis indicere bellum,

Ov. M. 6, 92.—

With individuals:

quid mihi opu'st... cum eis gerere bellum, etc.,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 14:

nihil turpius quam cum eo bellum gerere quicum familiariter vixeris,

Cic. Lael. 21, 77:

cum mihi uni cum improbis aeternum videam bellum susceptum,

id. Sull. 9, 28:

hoc tibi juventus Romana indicimus bellum,

Liv. 2, 12, 11:

falsum testem justo ac pio bello persequebatur,

id. 3, 25, 3:

tribunicium domi bellum patres territat,

id. 3, 24, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 57.—Ironically:

equus Trojanus qui tot invictos viros muliebre bellum gerentes tulerit ac texerit,

Cic. Cael. 28, 67.—

In mal. part., Hor. C. 3, 26, 3; 4, 1, 2.—

Personified as god of war ( = Janus):

tabulas duas quae Belli faciem pictam habent,

Plin. 35, 4, 10, § 27:

sunt geminae Belli portae, etc.,

Verg. A. 7, 607:

mortiferumque averso in limine Bellum,

id. ib. 6, 279.—

Plur.: bella, army ( poet.):

permanet Aonius Nereus violentus in undis, Bellaque non transfert (i.e. Graecorum exercitum),

Ov. M. 12, 24:

sed victae fera bella deae vexere per aequora,

Sil. 7, 472:

quid faciat bellis obsessus et undis?

Stat. Th. 9, 490.—

Battle, = proelium:

rorarii dicti a rore: qui bellum committebant ante,

Varr. L. L. 7, 3, 92:

quod in bello saepius vindicatum in eos qui... tardius, revocati, bello excesserant,

Sall. C. 9, 4:

praecipua laus ejus belli penes consules fuit,

Liv. 8, 10, 7:

commisso statim bello,

Front. Strat. 1, 11, 2:

Actia bella,

Verg. A. 8, 675:

ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam Bella forent,

id. ib. 2, 439; cf. Flor. 3, 5, 11; Just. 2, 12; 18, 1 fin.; 24, 8; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 98 (form duellum); Ov. H. 1, 1, 69; Verg. A. 8, 547; 12, 390; 12, 633; Stat. Th. 3, 666. —

Bellum = liber de bello:

quam gaudebat Bello suo Punico Naevius!

Cic. Sen. 14, 50.

1) General subject: adjunct, appointment, appreciation, ascertainment, assessment, attribute, decision, definition, delimitation, designation, determination, (примерное) estimation, evaluation, evaluation (количества, качества, пригодности и т.п.), finding (местонахождения), imputation, modificative, pronouncement (суда), proportioning, qualification (деятельности, взглядов и т. п.), ruling (арбитража, суда), ruling (суда), specification, identification (например, характерных признаков), explicitation, characterization

2) Naval: judging, reckoning (местоположения)

3) Medicine: estimation, identification

4) Military: (окончательное) definition, estimate, tailoring

5) Engineering: calculation, location, makeup (состава), rating

6) Agriculture: ascertaining, definition (напр. влажности почвы)

7) Grammar: attributive, modifier

8) Construction: evaluation (стоимости, количества)

9) Mathematics: examination

10) Law: appointment (на должность), assessment (стоимости), decision (суда), decision (суда, тж. judicial decision, decision of the court), decision (суда; тж. judicial decision, decision of the court), decree (суда), delineate, delineation, determination (суда), interlocutory judgement (не заканчивающее процесс, а разрешающее некоторые промежуточные вопросы), ruling

11) Diplomatic term: evaluation (количества, качества, стоимости, пригодности и т.п.)

12) Metallurgy: measurement

13) Polygraphy: spec

14) Psychology: value

15) Electronics: assignment

16) Information technology: attribution (объекта отношения), declaration, def, formulation

17) Astronautics: reckoning, sensing

18) Cartography: interpretation

19) Metrology: definition (понятия), tracing

20) Perfume: measuring

21) Patents: assignation, assignation (на должность)

22) Business: decree

23) Drilling: computation, locating (места)

24) Oilfield: test

25) Microelectronics: detection

26) EBRD: determination (решение)

27) Polymers: gauging

28) Automation: attribution (напр. объекта; функции), definition (величины; понятия)

29) Quality control: definition (напр. величины), evaluation (количества)

30) Cables: definition (формулировка, дефиниция), determination (установление, нахождение)

31) leg.N.P. court order (law of procedure), definition (logic), interlocutory judgment (law of procedure), interlocutory order (law of procedure), intermediate order (law of procedure), order (law of procedure), rule (law of procedure), ruling (law of procedure)

32) Aviation medicine: diagnosis

33) Makarov: adjective, definition (дефиниция), determination (нахождение, установление, измерение), determining, evaluation (значения), fixation (напр. значения), fixing, pointing (напр. места), upset

34) Archaic: circumscription

35) Gold mining: appraisal

36) Logistics: specifying

37) Caspian: picking

1) General subject: allowable, authorized, competent, fair, judicial, judiciary, juridic, juridical, juristic, justiciary, justifiable, kosher, law, lawful, legal, legit, legitimate, legitimate (о правителе), licit, nomothetic, on the legit, quiritary, rightful, true, vested, warrantable, well warranted, well-warranted, good, righteous

2) Religion: Legitima ("lawful", сокр. Litma.), Legitimus ("legitimate", сокр. Legit.), licit (Latin for "to be permitted", conforming to the requirements of the law)

3) Law: accordance to law, according to law, good in law, just, legitime, loyal, nomothetical, sound, statutory, titular

4) Economy: statute

5) Jargon: on the ( dead) level, on the up and up, on the up-and-up

6) Sociology: legitim

7) Business: effective, in force, recognized, valid

8) leg.N.P. established by operation of law

9) Makarov: innocent, nomogram

10) Archaic: kindly

1) General subject: bid, bidding, call (места, кафедры и т. п.), motion (на собрании), offer, offer of marriage, offering, offing, overture, package, parenthesis, proffer, project, proposal, proposal (о браке), proposition, proposition (особ. деловое), pro­posal, sentence, suggestion, supplies are falling off, supply, tender (официальное), instance, quotation, concept statement, (напр., товара продавцом - sales pitch) pitch

2) Medicine: hypothesis

3) Dialect: bode

4) Engineering: theorem

5) Grammar: clause (являющееся частью сложного предложения)

6) Mathematics: assertion, conjecture, fact (доказанное), phrase

7) Law: motion (вносимое в парламенте, на конференции и т. ч.), motion (вносимое в парламенте, на конференции и т.п.), move

8) Economy: bid (о заключении контракта), estimate, offer (товара, ценных бумаг, займа и т.п.), quote, supply side

9) Accounting: supply (напр. товара), tender (письменное)

10) Insurance: quoted

11) Architecture: proffer (деловое)

12) Mining: tender (подряда)

13) Diplomatic term: calculation

14) Music: half-phrase

15) Jargon: big idea, pitch

16) Information technology: statement

17) Banking: offer (купить или продать по определённой цене)

18) Patents: (официальное) tender

19) Business: offer document, recommendation

20) SAP. List of Events

21) Real estate: deal (имеется в виду, количество вариантов объектов недвижимости на рынке)

22) EBRD: invitation, tender

23) Robots: statement (в языке программирования)

24) leg.N.P. bid (business law), demand (administrative law), motion (parliamentary practice), offer (to enter into a contract; law of contracts), proposal (parliamentary practice), proposal (to marry), quotation (business law), request (administrative law), tender (of performance; law of contracts)

25) Makarov: lament, point

26) Archaic: bode (цены)

27) Taboo: propositioning

28) SAP.tech. quot.

29) oil&gas: bid (цены, товара)

30) Christianity: altar-bread, credence table, offertory

31) Marketology: initiative

1) General subject: angle, bearings, berth, billet, capacity, case, condition, degree, enaction, enactment, exposal (в отношении стран света), fettle, hand, instruction, lay (чего-либо), lie, lieu, location, pass, place, plight, plight (обыкн. плохое, трудное), plighter (обыкн. плохое, трудное), pliskie, point, policy (АД), position, possie, post, post paper, posture, provision (договора и т. п.), provision (Regulation on), provisions (документ), rank, rating, reg, regulation (usually) (of a law or regulation), rules and regulations, siege, situation, situs, stance, standing, standing order, statement, status, statute (major document) (of a law or regulation), stead, thesis, attitude, shift constantly, things (a general state of affairs: Things are even worse now for the automotive industry.), tenet, article, spot

2) Biology: exposition (в отношении стран света), postural

3) Aviation: attitude (слоёв)

4) Naval: establishment, lay-out, stat

5) Medicine: catastasis, lie (плода в матке), semiprone position

6) Colloquial: fix, go, set-up, shape

7) American: city

8) Obsolete: estate

9) Military: Reference terms (документа), (рас) lay, mission-oriented protective posture (установленное для ношения индивидуальных средств защиты (от ОМП) с учётом характера выполняемой задачи), position, stature, (служебное) status, term, whereabouts

10) Engineering: condition (состояние), coordinate, placing, position (местонахождение), postulate (утверждение), proposition (утверждение), provision (напр. договора), setting, stand, state (состояние), statement (утверждение), station

11) Construction: principle, process, spec (технических условий), specification (технических условий)

12) Mathematics: level, locus, proposition, score (на шкале)

13) Religion: Provisio ("provision", сокр. Prov.), status quo ante (Latin for "state in which previously", the state of affairs that existed previously)

14) Railway term: trim

15) Law: alienage, character, constitution, disposition (договора, закона), provision (договора и т.п.), provision (договора, закона и т. д.), provision (договора, закона и т.д.), standing orders, undertaking, statute

16) Economy: situation (дел), status quo ante

17) Accounting: estate (напр. материальное), rule, ruling

18) Diplomatic term: case (дел), plight (обыкн. плохое, затруднительное), scale, stipulation (договора и т.п.), way

19) Psychology: contention, standing (в обществе), ubiety

20) Scottish language: plisky

21) TV: notch (рукоятки переключателя)

22) Jargon: ball game, nick, bag

23) Information technology: location (местонахождение), orientation, place ment, turn (игрока в игре)

24) Special term: (пространное) attitude

25) Astronautics: fixity, guideline

26) Cartography: law, site

27) Advertising: plight (обычно трудное или плохое)

28) Patents: provision (договора, закона)

29) Business: footing, occupation, regulation, setup

30) Drilling: aspect

31) Sakhalin energy glossary: regulation (документ)

32) EBRD: by-laws, clause, provision, terms of reference (TOR)

33) Polymers: locus (место)

34) Automation: attitude (в пространстве), (место) location, point (рабочего органа), (заданное) position

35) Quality control: provision (документ), (существующее) status

36) Robots: location (место), (место) position

37) leg.N.P. position (e.g., in the phrase "important position"), regulation (e.g., in an enactment or a treaty), standing (e.g., social), state (e.g., of affairs), status (e.g., of women)

38) Aviation medicine: positioning

39) Makarov: aspect (относительное), exposure (в отношении стран света), locus (в пространстве)

40) Archaic: predicament

41) Microsoft: dock

1) General subject: abettor, accessary, accessory, accomplice, associate, bander (преступления), companion, confederate, contributor, copartner (преступления), partner, party

2) Colloquial: pal

3) Law: abetter, accomplice (преступления), confederate (преступления, преступного сговора), culpable participant, culpable participator, feigned accomplice (преступления), partator (правонарушения), conspirator

4) Diplomatic term: ballot-rigger

5) Business: joint party

6) leg.N.P. accessory (criminal law), accomplice (criminal law), party to an offense (criminal law)

7) Archaic: complice

8) Security: accessory (преступления)

9) Phraseological unit: chase tail

"1. archaic all, the whole. 2. archaic everybody; everything. 3. the public. - düzeni public order, the peace. - hakları civil rights. - hizmeti a public service, a service that benefits the public generally. - hukuku civil law. - kesimi/sektörü the public sector. - personeli civil servants. - yararı the public interest. - yönetimi 1. the administrative activities of a government. 2. local government."

1) General subject: error, evil, fault, guilt, peccancy, sin, transgression, trespass, wickedness, wrongdoing

2) Religion: iniquity, peccancy ( The quality of being tainted with, marked by, or full of sin; 2. An offense against religious or moral law), sin (Transgression of the law of God)

3) Law: debt

4) Archaic: ill

1) General subject: aim, blueprint, brainchild, conception, conception (художника, поэта, ученого и т.п.), design, eye, game, intention, plan, purpose, rede, plot, teaching (The vital teaching of this paper appears to be this: it is proper to apply scientific methods to the study of the Bible.), brain-child, premise

2) American: game plan

3) Literal: agenda (см. hidden agenda)

4) Mathematics: project

5) Religion: scheme, vision

6) Law: intent

7) Advertising: concept, idea, philosophy

8) Business: view

9) leg.N.P. design (criminal law), premeditation (criminal law)

10) Makarov: tendency (пьесы, романа)

11) Archaic: meaning

1) General subject: abide, anguish, bear, bide, bring in, brook (в отриц. предложениях), carry, dismantle, do with, endure, extricate (раненых), hatch, nurture, pass (решение, приговор; upon, on), pass on (решение), sit down, stand, stick out, stomach, suffer (что-л., кого-л.), thole, tolerate, bring in (приговор)

2) Naval: boom out

3) Colloquial: stand for, stay

4) Dialect: abear

5) Military: sustain

6) Engineering: remove (удалять), withstand

7) Agriculture: remove (питательные вещества)

8) Mathematics: eliminate, export, recover, take out

9) Religion: bring out

10) Law: bring in (приговор, решение), bring in (решение), deliver (решение), hand down (решение), pass (решение, приговор), pronounce (решение), render (решение и т. п.), render (решение и т.п.)

11) Diplomatic term: pass (приговор, решение)

12) Forestry: leach

13) Jargon: hack, take

14) Information technology: carry over

15) Patents: pass (решение)

16) Business: weather

17) Oil&Gas technology carry up (буровой шлам на поверхность)

18) Automation: offset

19) leg.N.P. render (e.g., a decision, a judgment, ал award, a sentence; law of procedure)

20) Makarov: bear (боль, пытки и т.п.), endure (e. g., temperature, load) (выдерживать), factor out (за скобки), give (приговор), leach (питательные элементы), stand up to (e. g., temperature, load) (выдерживать), support, withstand (e. g., temperature, load) (выдерживать), carry out (выносить за пределы чего-л. удалять), carry to (куда-л.), carry out (покойника), carry away (удалять), carry off (удалять)

21) Archaic: forbear

22) Scuba diving: bear (боль, страдания)

23) Yachting: brace

24) General subject: carry out (наносы)

1) General subject: constitute (закон), edit, emit (крик, звук), enact, evolve (запах), get out, give forth, give out, heave (звук), issue (приказ), issue (указы и т.п.), print, produce, publish, put out, raise (возглас, крик), send (звук), send forth, shed (звук), utter (звук), volume, volume (звук), commence (звук)

2) American: get off

3) Engineering: exhale, give off

4) Diplomatic term: issue (бюллетень и т.п.)

5) Cinema: bring out

6) Polygraphy: dish

7) Jargon: go to bed

8) Business: put forth

9) Network technologies: PWI publish

10) leg.N.P. issue (e.g., an order, an ordinance, a rule, regulations), promulgate (a law, not to be confused with "to publish a law"), publish (e.g., a newspaper, a magazine, a book)

11) Makarov: establish (закон), scatter (запах), set forth, shed (shed), come out

12) Archaic: emit (приказ, закон)

1) General subject: aspersion (to cast aspersions on somebody - клеветать на кого-либо), backbite (заглазная), black-wash, calumniate, calumniation, calumny, defamation, denigration, detraction, libel (в печати), malediction, obloquy, slander, smear, stab in the back, traducement, traduction

2) Colloquial: mudslinging (направленная против политического противника)

3) American: roorback (особ. порочащая кандидата на выборах)

4) Law: damaging words (устная), defamation of character, libel (письменная), scandal, slander (устная)

5) Diplomatic term: blackwash, (письменная) libel

6) Jargon: schmear

7) leg.N.P. defamation (including both libel and slander; now), libel (as false publication; formerly), libel as false publication (as distinguished from the common-law type of libel; formerly)

8) Makarov: injury, mud

9) Archaic: jowl

1) General subject: administer punishment, amerce (чем-либо), castigate, chasten (с целью исправления), chastise, correct, discipline, ferule, fit out, order, penalize, persecute, punish, put it across a person, put it across somebody, scourge, smite (his conscience smote him - он почувствовал угрызения совести, совесть мучила его), strafe, trounce, administrate punishment, give gip, give gyp, whip

2) Colloquial: pay, payer, put through the hoop (кого-л.), put through the hoops (кого-л.), put it across

3) American: ground

4) Religion: chastize

5) Law: give punishment, punish (в уголовном порядке), sentence, vindicate

6) Australian slang: chew out

7) University: proctor

8) Jargon: rap, spike( someone's) gun, take the rap, hoist, twig

9) Business: pay off

10) Football: penalise (за что-л. - for smth)

11) leg.N.P. punish (criminal law)

12) Makarov: come down, come down on (кого-л.), come down upon (кого-л.), drop across (кого-л.), drop on (кого-л.), drop upon (кого-л.), dish out punishment (учеников и т. п.)

13) Archaic: visit

14) Taboo: chew somebody's ass out, give hell to somebody, kick somebody's ass (кого-л.)

1) General subject: aggression, an assault on ( smb., smth.) (на кого-л., что-л.), an attack on (smb., smth.) (на кого-л., что-л.), attack, incursion, infall, inroad (вредителей), lamming, molestation (на прохожих), onfall, onset, onslaught, stabbing (с использованием холодного оружия; on smb.), act of assault

2) Biology: offense (в поведении животных)

3) Medicine: assault

4) Obsolete: brunt, bear the brunt

5) Military: assault, attack, charge (тж. перен. в разговоре, споре), inroad, invasion, onrush, (воздушное) raid, threat

6) Engineering: infestation (вредителей)

7) Collective: attack (хоккей)

8) Law: assailing, assaultive act (словесное оскорбление и угроза физическим насилием или покушение на нанесение удара, либо угроза таковым), hijacking

9) Australian slang: aggro

10) Politics: capture, occupation, seizure

11) Astronautics: offensive

12) Ecology: infestation

13) Business: offence, violence

14) Programming: intrusion

15) International law: (на страну) armed agression

16) Makarov: abuse, aggression upon ( smb., smth.) (на кого-л., чего-л.), aggression upon smb., (smth.) (на кого-л., чего-л.), attack (вредителей), charge (в футболе и т.п.)

17) Archaic: insult

18) Taboo: stomping on

1) General subject: bilk, blind, bluff, bob, cajolement (с помощью лести), cajolery (с помощью лести), cheat, chicanery, chouse, circumvention, cog, con game, cozenage, craft, cram, deceit (to practise deceit - хитрить, обманывать), deception, defraudation, delusion, disguise, dishonesty, dissimulation, double dealing, double face, double-dealing, dupery, fakement, false pretences, falsehood, foul play, fraud, fraudulence, gammon, gloze, gouge, guile, gyp, hankey pankey, hanky panky, hanky-panky, have on, have-on, hoax, hoax (ффф), hokum, humbug, humbuggery, hype, imposing, imposition, imposture, imposure, indirection, intake, jockeying, juggle, jugglery, knavery, letdown, lie, lurk, monkey business, overreach, phony, porkies ("рифмованный слэнг" кокни, pork pies = porkies = lie = lies), porky, pretence, pretense, racket, sham, shave, shenanigan, spoofery, swindle, take-in, trick, trickery, victimization, wile, wiles, windy, stand the racket, shell game, beguilement, skulduggery

2) Colloquial: breach of faith, breach of trust, con art, con-art, confidence fraud, confidence job, confidence trick, do, dodge, double-cross, hankey-pankey, (сущ.) have, haves, hum, phoney, sell, skin-game, spoof, swizz, set-up (a dishonest plan that tricks you - LONGMAN), fakeness

3) Slang: XX (напр. партнёра)

4) American: bunco, shucking and jiving, steal

5) Obsolete: fob, leasing, subtilty

6) Latin: dolus (римское право)

7) Religion: deceiving, lying

8) Law: artifice, false pretence, false pretenses, false representation, fraudulent behavior, fraudulent conduct, fraudulent misrepresentation, fraudulent pretence, fraudulent representation, ruse, wilful misrepresentation, willful misrepresentation

9) Economy: defrauding, eyewash, goldbrick, gouging, holding-out, swindling

10) Accounting: twist

11) Australian slang: borac, borack, borak

12) Diplomatic term: equivocation, let-down

13) Scottish language: brogue

14) Jargon: bam, bung, bunko, burn, claptrap, crock, dipsy-doodle, fast one, fiddle, flimflam, fluke, funny business, gag, gil, gip, hocus-pokus, jiggery pokery, jip, kid, pinch, put on, rip-off, ripoff, scam, screwup, snip, squib, string, Brodie, borax, bug, chaw, flivver, foney, fony, put-up Job, raspberry, razz-ma-tazz, razzamatazz, razzberry, razzle-dazzle, razzmatazz, wire

15) Simple: bamboozle

16) Food industry: flaming

17) Advertising: fraudulent behaviour, misrepresentation

18) Business: con, con trick, fraudulent practices

19) leg.N.P. fraud (law of contracts)

20) Makarov: act of dishonesty, gold brick, illusion, plant

21) Archaic: fub

22) Taboo: hell's delight

23) Security: bamboozlement, cheating

1) General subject: attach (на имущество)

2) Law: recover (на имущество), repossess (напр., на имущество должника в связи с непогашением задолженности), foreclose (напр., на недвижимое имущество)

3) Archaic: levy execution (upon - на что-л.; No one will understand "levy execution". "Levy" is usually only used with taxes, or troop levies. Always try to avoid 17th century common law language.)

1) General subject: ad (в счёте), advantage (have the advantage of somebody - иметь преимущество перёд кем-либо), boon, easement, flying start, interest, jump, odds, one up on, point, pre-eminence (огромное), preference, preponderance, preponderance of (smb), preponderant, preponderate, privilege, purchase, superiority, the better hand, the bulge (to have the bulge on somebody - иметь преимущество перёд кем-либо), vantage (to have (to hold, to take) somebody at a (the) vantage - иметь преимущество перёд кем-либо), benefit, convenience, killer feature (The killer feature that she has over him is...), margin, head start, behoof, cutting-edge, mileage

2) Computers: advanced feature, odd

3) Colloquial: bargaining chip, bull point, edge

4) French: pas

5) Literal: whip hand, whip handle

6) Sports: law (предоставляемое в состязании и т.п.)

7) Mathematics: the advantages of, the benefits of

8) Cards: long suit (в чем-л.)

9) Religion: excelleth (Екклесиаст, глава 2 13 И увидел я, что преимущество мудрости перед глупостью такое же, как преимущество света перед тьмою:)

10) Law: preemption, priority

11) Economy: asset, edge down, preeminence, pull, on the plus side

12) Accounting: edge (в конкурентной борьбе), virtue

13) Diplomatic term: capital

14) Jargon: difference, bulge, cinch, snap

15) Patents: merit

16) Business: bonus, perquisite, start

17) SAP. prio.

18) Quality control: excellence

19) Makarov: advantage (over) (по сравнению с чем-л.)

20) Archaic: vantage (теннис)

1) General subject: arrangement, bargain, deal, settlement, swap, swop, trade, transaction, truck, wet bargain, go

2) Naval: accord

3) Colloquial: buy, deal-board, do

4) Latin: negotia (римское право)

5) Jocular: pennyworth

6) Mathematics: agreement

7) Law: business, contract, speculation, deed (прим. для переводчиков, работающих с англо-украинской языковой парой: на украинский язык англ. термин обычно переводится как "правочин")

8) Economy: dealing

9) Accounting: fixture, operation

10) Diplomatic term: (деловая) business transaction

11) Scottish language: paction

12) Jargon: whiz, whizz, steal, whiz-bang

13) Business: economic transaction

14) leg.N.P. act, composition (as a noun), juridical act, juristic act, settlement (as a noun), transactio (as a noun), transaction (as in civil law countries; as a noun)

15) Archaic: treaty

16) SAP.tech. legal transaction

1) General subject: a partner in crime, accomplice in crime, companion in crime

2) Rare: companion companion in crime

3) Law: accessary, accessory, assisting offender, criminal participant, criminal participator, intentional participant, intentional participator in a crime, participant in a crime, participator in a crime, partner in crime, wilful participant in a crime, wilful participator in a crime, willful participant in a crime, willful participator in a crime, conspirator of crime

4) Diplomatic term: partner in a crime, party to a crime

5) Business: copartner

6) Criminal law: accessory to the crime, accomplice

7) Makarov: a participator in the crime, participator in the crime, principal in the second degree

8) Archaic: a fellow in crime